Are There Things Which We Should Not Know? Essay -- Science Argumentat

Are There Things Which We Should Not Know?It has been claimed that decisions concerning scientific explore topics and the progeny of research results are purely methodological, and that any moral considerations refer only to research methods and uses of acquired knowledge. The arguments advanced in favor of this view appeal to the moral neutrality of scientific knowledge and the intrinsic value of truth. I argue that neither is valid. Moreover, I show three cases where a scientists decision to begin research clearly bears moral relevance (1) when starting an inquiry would create circumstances jeopardiseing some non-cognitive values (2) when achieving a certain piece of knowledge would threaten the existence of the individuals private sphere and (3) when there are reasons to think that humankind is non prepared to accumulate some knowledge. These cases do not prove the existence of some intrinsically morally forbidden topics, however show that the moral permissibility of any giv en inquiry is not a priori guaranteed but needs to be judged in the same way that its methodological soundness is judged. Judgments concerning research topics have both methodological and moral aspects and these two cannot be degage under the threat of distorting science. Making such judgments requires knowledge not only of scientific methodology, but also of its social and philosophical implications. Philosophy is necessary in order to do good science. My search for an answer to the title question is restricted to science which is the main source of our knowledge about the world and to its moral dimension. In order to know anything in a scientific way one needs to investigate relevant themes with scientific means. Are there and so topics whic... ... D.O.Dahlstrom. Nature and Scientific Method. Washington, D.C. The Catholic University of America Press 1991. 95-105.Gaerdenfors P. Is There Anything We Should not Want to Know? in J.E.Fensted (ed.), Logic, Methodology and Philosophy o f Science, New YorkElsevier 1990. 63-78.Glass, B. The ethical understructure of science in Bulger, R.E. et al. (eds). The Ethical Dimension of the Biological Sciences. Cambridge University Press 1993. 43-55.Herrnstein R. J. and Wilson J. Q, Crime and Human Nature, New York Simon and Schuster 1985.Rescher, N. Forbidden Knowledge in Forbidden Knowledge and early(a) Essays on the Philosophy of Cognition, Dordrecht Reidel 1987. 1-16. Verhoog, H. Genetic Modification of Animals. Should Science and Ethics Be Integrated? in A. Lekka-Kowalik and D. Schulthess (Eds). Forbidden Knowledge. The Monist 79 (2) 1996.

Eleanor Marx :: Economist Writers Literature Essays

Eleanor MarxEleanor Marx has not been remembered as an economist. Her life, though more so her closing, has captured the imaginations and curiosities of novelists and biographers and her public has been cast into the role of the tragic socialist. Yet, as the daughter of Karl Marx, she was a prominent writer and activist for socialist reform. She edited Marxs unpublished textbooks after his death and contri only ifed several articles of her own on economic topics. Similarly, in her daily interactions, she worked for social reform that was fundamentally economic in nature and associated with a wide grip of feminist and socialist activists. Many of these people themselves have been classified, or perhaps reclassified in recent years, as economists themselves. Yet Eleanor has by and large been overlooked by historians and economists. She has been relegated to the role of tragic heroine at best and a curiosity at worst. This paper will argue that both in her written legacy an d in the way she conducted her personal life, Eleanor Marx was first and foremost an economist.An Economist in WritingEleanor Marxs essay, The Woman Question, clearly delineates her role as an economist and her dedication to womens lib at the same time. The text was written and published with her common law husband, Edward Aveling. As Kapp points out in her extensive biography, this text was the first of Eleanors belles-lettres to bear the imprint of a commercial publisher (Kapp II, 1972, 83). While Aveling certainly was involved in producing the final document, in Kapps analysis at least, the bulk of the underlying argument was Eleanors (83). Thus, we can reasonably say that this document, framed as a review of Bebels Woman-Past, Present, and Future, is indicative of Eleanors intellectual processes.The text of The Woman Question is ardent in its defense of economics and women. For Eleanor, the only way to improve the status of women was to tie it to the class movement. The question is one of economics. The plant of women rests, as everything in our complex modern society rests, on an economic basis (Marx 1886). With the phrase, everything in our complex modern society, Eleanor not only casts herself as an economist, but establishes that any venture, be it social or academic, is fundamentally economic in nature. Thus, once she establishes that feminism is inherently an economic issue, the connection between her fathers socialist theories and her own feminism becomes clear.

Gender Roles in Twelfth Night Essay -- William Shakespeare Twelfth Nig

Born on approximately April 23, 1564 in Stratford-upon-Avon, England, William Shakespeare is considered by some(prenominal) to have been the greatest writer the English language has ever known. His literary legacy included 37 plays, 154 sonnets, and five major poems. Among his many plays is the notable, ordinal Night, a romantic comedy, placed in a festive atmosphere in which three couples are brought together happily. The play opens with Orsino, the Duke of Illyria, expressing his deep bonk for the Countess Olivia. Meanwhile, the shipwrecked genus Viola disguises herself as a man and endeavors to enter the Dukes service. Although she has rejected his suit, the Duke then employs Viola, who takes the name of Cesario, to woo Olivia for him. As the play continues, Cesario falls in love with the Duke, and Olivia falls in love with Cesario, who is really Viola disguised. Maria, Olivias servant woman, desires to seek revenge on Malvolio, Olivias steward. To the delight of Sir Toby, Oliv ias uncle, and his friend Sir Andrew, Maria comes up with a plot to drop love letters supposedly written by Olivia in Malvolios path. When she does, they observe him, along with Fabian, another servant, as Malvolio falls for the bait. believe that Olivia loves him, he makes a fool of himself (Napierkowski 3). The plot deepens as Cesario proceeds to woo Olivia for the Duke. It is only the second time that Cesario appears at Olivias home when Olivia openly declares her love for Cesario. Throughout this time, Sir Andrew has been nursing a hope to win Olivias love. When he plans to give up hope of her love, Sir Toby suggests that Sir Andrew fight with Cesario to impress Olivia. Cesario, however, refuses to fight. At the identical time, Violas brother, Sebastian, who is also shipwrecked, makes his way to safe lodging in Illyria with Antonio the sea captain. After the fight between Cesario and Sir Andrew begins, Antonio intervenes to save Cesario, whom he takes for Sebastian. But the Duk es officers promptly arrest Antonio for a past offense. Then, Olivia later comes upon Sir Andrew and Sebastian bickering at her home. Olivia, thinking Sebastian is Cesario, leads Sebastian to marriage in a nearby chapel. Finally, Cesario inevitably reveals that he is Viola and Sebastian recognizes her as his sister. The Duke reciprocates Violas love offerings and proposes to her. Olivia assures Malvolio... ...e independent thinkers and advocates for their rights as women. In a time where women were not even able to act on the stage, Shakespeare created cardinal strong characters that challenged the very ideals of Puritanical, Elizabethan society. Works CitedDobson, Michael. Twelfth Night in The Oxford Companion to Shakespeare. New York Oxford University Press, 2001. Dominic, Catherine C. Twelfth Night in Shakespeare for Students. Book II. Detroit Gale, 1997.Fritze, Ronald. Historical mental lexicon of Tudor England, 1485-1603. New York Greenwood Press, 1991.Green, Renton. Twelfth Night Present Me As An Eunuch Female Identity in Twelfth Night. eNotes to Twelfth Night. Seattle Enotes.com LLC, October 2002. Ed. Penny Satoris. 20 February 2005 .Jones, Elizabeth. Cliffs observe Hardbound Literary Libraries. Shakespeare Library Vol. I. Traverse City Moon Beam Publications, 1990.Malcolmson, Christina. What You Will Social Mobility and Gender in Twelfth Night in Twelfth Night. New York St. Martins Press, 1996.Napierkowski, Marie Rose. Twelfth Night One-Page Summary. Shakespeare for Students. Vol. 0. Detroit Gale, 1998. 1 March 2005 .

Body Modification in America Essays -- essays research papers

Body modification in American CultureIn recent years tattooing and body piercing have become increasingly prevailing in popular culture. These forms of body modification are no longer tools employ by criminals and gang member, showing their role in society. These practices are used by many of teenagers and young adults in our society today. In fact many of these practices have been a positive trend in American culture, giving adolescents a way of expressing themselvesStudies have revealed a positive correlation between risky behaviors (such as the use of drugs, cigarettes, and alcohol) and participation in body modification. There is a shortage of available research, however, investigating the relationship between body modification and behaviors of defective such as driving while intoxicated and unsafe cozy practices. The current study attempted to bridge this gap in the literature by examining body modification participation and involvement in very high-risk behaviors common t o a college student population. Two hypotheses were examined. First, it was hypothesized that a positive relationship between participation in body modification and very high-risk activities would be found. Secondly, it was hypothesized that self-esteem would mediate the relationship between body modification and very high-risk behaviors. The Cognitive Appraisal of Risky Events--Revised (Fromme, DAmico, & Katz, 1999 Katz, Fromme, & DAmico, 2000) and The Coopersmith Inventory (Coopersmith, 1...

Comparing CSS and HTML Essay examples -- Compare Contrast Comparison E

Comparing CSS and HTML Technologies advance so quickly that it seems no sooner has one technology become widely accepted than it is replaced by something newer and superior. Technologies in the field of web design are no exception. As web-related ironware and software components became faster, more reliable, and easier to use, the web exploded with new websites which led to a dramatic increase in web usage around the world. But as web designers and audiences well know, the web is still in great need of improvement. Long load times, inconsistent page rendering, and a myriad of other problems gadfly the web, creating no end of hassle and frustration. However, an emerging technology, cascading style sheets, could eliminate many of the webs largest problems by replacing the primary language of the web, the Hypertext Markup Language (or HTML). HTML does not turn well as a webpage design language, and it was never meant to. It was originally intended for use as a language that contained very simple content for the page, entirely it was not supposed to greatly affect its appearance (Rotter, Web). However, when HTMLs potential for defining the layout and appearance of web pages was discovered, web developers started to invent new HTML code for these purposes. The will? writes Steve Mulder in an article for adobe, A mess. HTML has been hijacked from its original mission, and were still not getting the presentational control that we want. Plus, its a pain to force HTML to do presentation. What is the cause of HTMLs problems, though? The vast majority stem from HTML tables, which are used to control webpage layout. Tables in HTML are similar to tables in to the highest degree computer applications. They consist of one or more ... ... May 2001. Jupitermedia. 19 Nov. 2003 <http//wdvl.internet.com/Authoring/Style/Sheets/Positioning/Toss/. Mulder, Steve. Style Sheets Why Should I Care? n.d. Adobe Systems. 19 Nov. 2003 <http//www.adobe.co.uk/web/features/css/main.h tml. New Feature Highlights. 5 Sep 2003 . Adobe systems. 30 Nov. 2003 <http//www.adobe.co.uk/products/golive/pdfs/golive_nfhs.pdf. New Features of Cascading Style Sheets in Dreamweaver MX. Dreamweaver TechNote. 24 Sept. 2002 . Macromedia. 19 Nov. 2003 <http//www.macromedia.com/support/dreamweaver/ts/ documents/cssmx.htm.(now unavailable. filtrate this link for comparable information http//www.macromedia.com/software/dreamweaver/productinfo/features/static_tour/css/)Web Standards (XHTML and CSS). n.d. Slantwise Design. 19 Nov. 2003 <http//www.slantwisedesign.com/standards.html.(may be unavailable)

Comparing CSS and HTML Essay examples -- Compare Contrast Comparison E

Comparing CSS and hypertext markup language Technologies advance so quickly that it seems no sooner has one technology become widely judge than it is replaced by something newer and superior. Technologies in the field of web design are no exception. As web-related hardware and software components became faster, more reliable, and easier to use, the web exploded with new websites which lead to a dramatic increase in web usage around the world. But as web designers and audiences well know, the web is salve in bully need of improvement. Long load times, inconsistent page rendering, and a myriad of other problems plague the web, creating no end of hassle and frustration. However, an emerging technology, cascading style sheets, could give-up the ghost many of the webs largest problems by replacing the primary language of the web, the Hypertext Markup Language (or HTML). HTML does not function well as a webpage design language, and it was never meant to. It was in the beginning inten ded for use as a language that contained very simple content for the page, but it was not supposed to greatly affect its appearance (Rotter, Web). However, when HTMLs strength for defining the layout and appearance of web pages was discovered, web developers started to invent new HTML code for these purposes. The result? writes Steve Mulder in an article for Adobe, A mess. HTML has been hijacked from its original mission, and were still not getting the presentational control that we want. Plus, its a pain to force HTML to do presentation. What is the cause of HTMLs problems, though? The vast majority stem from HTML tables, which are used to control webpage layout. Tables in HTML are similar to tables in most computer applications. They consist of one or more ... ... may 2001. Jupitermedia. 19 Nov. 2003 <http//wdvl.internet.com/Authoring/Style/Sheets/Positioning/Toss/. Mulder, Steve. Style Sheets Why Should I Care? n.d. Adobe Systems. 19 Nov. 2003 <http//www.adobe.co.uk/web/fe atures/css/main.html. New Feature Highlights. 5 folk 2003 . Adobe systems. 30 Nov. 2003 <http//www.adobe.co.uk/products/golive/pdfs/golive_nfhs.pdf. New Features of Cascading Style Sheets in Dreamweaver MX. Dreamweaver TechNote. 24 Sept. 2002 . Macromedia. 19 Nov. 2003 <http//www.macromedia.com/support/dreamweaver/ts/ documents/cssmx.htm.(now unavailable. Try this link for comparable information http//www.macromedia.com/software/dreamweaver/productinfo/features/static_tour/css/)Web Standards (XHTML and CSS). n.d. slantways Design. 19 Nov. 2003 <http//www.slantwisedesign.com/standards.html.(may be unavailable)

Gang Violence Essay

No one attempts to see the f motionors much(prenominal) as poverty, homelessness, lack of opportunity are a major contributor to crime and the forming of delinquents in our community. wrong-doing is defined as a failure to what natural law or duty requires. It is a behavior that is often times a result of poverty and inopportunity in youths emotional state. Often time those who can obtain what they need through conventional means will use unconventional means such as crimes to obtain necessities due to having no job, no money, and lack of education. Gang members age from 13-18 years of age. However everyone knows a person who has lost a life due to gang violence or gang related activities.The biggest ethic groups involved in gangs are Latinos and Spanish. Although there trying to pass a law that states any gang related activity will serve from 2-3 years whether he or she is a minor or not. In my conclusion I came across that young men and women dont wake up and decide to be this w ay, from the lack of love, care and attention at home, so they know like an outcast and doesnt wee a positive role model to look up to and lean on in times of need. So when they join a gang they get the attention they being feeding for. In order to succeed, your desire for success should be greater than your fear for failure. invoice CosbyThere were 9% of females involved in gangs in year 2000 as of today there are 15% of females affiliated in gangs. Females are by and large classified to four types of ways to join a gang. They can be violated or jumped in meaning a physical beating so she can prove her toughness, loyalty, and her commitment but women who choose to get sexed in a gang gets the least respect. Usually acquiring sexed in a gang is uncommon for females due to not having any respect and majority of the reason is to get respect from everyone.Children in a house hold out that doesnt have a male role model is mostly to bea behavior child and if he or she isnt getting e nough attention they need it will cause them to find that attention in a gang or a group of people where they tang they will be cared for and loved. Most children join gangs because of peer pressure but majority is because of girls and money.For a little percent of children they become a part of a gang because of the things they dont have and becoming a member of a gang it will be quick money but a lot of risk along with it. Usually they are only trying to help out there house hold but because of where there from they have no other choices, its almost like force. Gang related actives is most common in urban areas like Chicago they are the offspring 1 ranked in cities with the most gang violence, Detroit is not far behind it is ranked as number 5.Been said Gang Violence is an act from children who is crying out for attention and others who cant help it because its where there from and is almost as if they have no choice. Due to low income homes and no jobs children go to the street s for help as a comfort zone.

All About My Mother & Pan’s Labyrinth

How far do the historys of the films you have studied rely on dramatic moments of meeting and how far on a more subtle change over time? The two very different Spanish films All about my Mother (AAMM) and Pans Labyrinth use complex narratives and character representations to explore sex activity ideologies. I would suggest that both films rely in part on dramatic moments of confrontation but also demonstrate a more subtle change over time in this essay I will explain this view. AAMM is a powerful melodrama, exhibiting many of Almodovars signature traits and exemplifying his exhuberant, challenging post-Franco style.As a melodrama, it is hardly surprising that there argon many dramatic moments inwardly the narrative and through and throughout the film we see various confrontational moments between the characters. For example, as Manuela enters Barcelona in a taxi there is a violently dread scene which introduces us to Agrado as she is assaulted by a client. She is defiant in her response and in this bureau Almodovar sets his agenda this is a film which challenges traditional gender roles and our perceptions of what is and what should be.The scene is perchance all the more shocking because up until this point, in Madrid, there has been high drama in the sudden death of Manuelas son but her reaction to it is subtly presented and gender representations are far more traditional and in force with the hegemonic view. As Manuelas reasonably supine quest to find Lola continues, the narrative is punctuated by various melodramatic moments of confrontation but Almodovars intention is clearly not merely to present a set of over-exaggerated characters in improbable scenarios and it is perhaps his subtlety that allows the film to communicate its real meaning.Although Manuela is the main character and it is her actions which move the narrative along initially, it is perhaps through all of his characters and their intertwined experiences that Almodovar more fully expl ores gender and sexuality and questions hegemonic values. Each of his characters goes on a journey and whilst the overtly melodramatic narrative is what keeps the audience entertained (if somewhat disbelievingly) it is perhaps the more subtle undertones of change which we can only appreciate once the film is finished that contain its true message.Manuela, the eternal mother, has a misfortune to be so to an infant again Agrado has found acceptance and purpose which does not rely on the sale of her body Huma is free of the destructive and virulent Nina Rosas mother, who represents perhaps more than any other character the hegemonic values of Spanish society that Almodovar is challenging, is shown to be uncaring in the worst way by rejecting her grandchild and thereby loses her right to have access to him. Rosa, of course, is dead but before her death she had seamlessly morphed from nun to earthly mother.I would argue that all of these changes are subtle and not reliant on moments of dramatic confrontation, and that actually it is these changes these people which are the films narrative. Although the dramatic moments are entertaining, they are the bass line and the subtler changes are the melody. In terms of narrative, Pans Labyrinth is of course quite different from AAMM but I would argue that in terms of the importance of dramatic moments of confrontation versus subtler changes, there are some similarities.As a gothic fairytale/fantasy film set during the Spanish civil war, we would depend dramatic confrontations as binary oppositions are a key convention of the genre and confrontations a symptom of conflict and therefore, we are not disappointed. The villain of the tale, master Vidal, is at the heart of most of the dramatic confrontations within the film, with the Doctor, Ofelia, Carmen, the rebels and eventually, the ultimate confrontation with Mercedes which results in his death.As in AAMM, these moments are certainly key to the development of the nar rative and serve to highlight del Toros representation of Francos hegemonic masculinity as violent, controlling and confrontational. But when we look at the female characters in the film, as indeed we must, there is a recognisably subtler and more sensitive approach both in their representation and in their roles and functions within the narrative.Mercedes, as the helper, grows in strength and courage as the film progresses, moving gradually from a somewhat sidelined observer of Vidals terror to a heroic central player and successful challenger, cleanup position the villain and saving the rebels (who happen to be men). Ofelia of course, undergoes enormous change throughout the tale, losing her mother and confronting various creatures as well as Vidal as she goes but perhaps more significantly, failing to confront her own fear of growing up and instead opting to stay a child forever.Carmen is represented as weak and conforming to the hegemonic ideology that women should be subserv ient to their husbands and she dies during childbirth, perhaps to demonstrate that this view is outdated. In this film, the necessity for women to be mothers is thus challenged through both mother and daughter, as Carmen dies for it and Ofelia openly rejects it. One conclusion which could be drawn is that although there are many moments of dramatic confrontation in Pans narrative, they perhaps merely secrete the subtler changes happening beneath them.Or that del Toro has intentionally constructed these confrontations within the world of the men and within Ofelias fantasy world to allow us to observe that subtler changes which they sanction in our heroine and her helper. The eventual result, of course, being that the situation in Vidals family mirrors that of the war with the rebels he fails to recognise the subtle changes occurring around him and pays for it dearly. Because in actuality, it is the female characters who are in control and their experiences being explored.As I said, Vidal and the dramatic moments of confrontation that he is so frequently part of, are the cause and the subtler changes within the female characters the effect. In conclusion, I would say that as with most narratives, dramatic moments of confrontation help to move things along in both of these films but are by no means completely relied upon to create meaning and communicate with the audience. Both films, in different ways, are about women and their experiences and subtlely is also required to communicate these experiences with the poignancy and unfeigned feeling that they do.

Critical Discussion on Watson’s and Skinner’s Versions of Behaviourism Essay

Behaviourism concept emerged at a period when the societal disarticulation as a result of speedy industrialization of American society requisite novel approaches of social organization. This was to act as a replacement to Victorian mores of minute-town rural lifestyle (Wightman & Kloppenberg 1995, p. 68). At this time, positivists like Walter Lippmann invited psychologists to assist devise approaches, and the lately recognize science of psychology, enthusiastic to signify its position as an autonomous discipline, responded by assertively endorsing itself in terms of societal utility (Wightman & Kloppenberg 1995, p.68). That said, behaviouristic psychology premise emanated from the ca-ca of an American psychologist John B. Watson. He did assert that psychology as a discipline was never concerned with human mind or consciousness, but alternatively concerned with just behaviour. This way, Watson claimed that humans could be examined, studied or evaluated impartially just like apes and rats (Cohen 1987, p. 71). Behaviourism according to Watsons version was a pound to shun the complexities of trying to study human consciousness by limiting scientific attention to evident, overt or blatant behaviour.This version was coupled with a pivotal ambition to put in place much more thorough ways or methods to experimental research as well as report writing. Thus, the key task of psychology was none other than recognition of laws governing the link between behavioural responses and environmental stimuli, and psychology was cast as an attachment to physiology (Richards 2009, p. 35). In this way, Watson believed that psychology would provide knowledge that could be utilized to the prediction as well as control of behaviour. Therefore, his version of unsullied behaviourism did possess several distinct characteristics, such as It was tremendously environmentalist Its practical vocabulary was mainly limited to not many non-mentalistic terms Its explanations were passing r eductionist, and The version was majorly concerned with investigational methodology (Richards 2009, p. 35). In the early 1920s, Watson assimilated the concepts of Ivan Pavlov, a Russian psychologist and included Pavlovs ideas of reinforcement and conditioning as key theoretical notions to his classical behaviourism version. Pavlov had done a number of studies on the animals responses to environmental conditioning.In his best triumphant experiment, he did ring a tam-tam as he took a number of meals to some dogs. In doing so, severally and every time dogs did hear the bell ringing they knew pretty well that a meal was ready, and would start salivating (DeMar 1989, p. 1). On one instance, Pavlov did ring the bell devoid of taking food, but the dogs continued salivating since they had been habituated, conditioned or trained to salivate each time they hear a bell ringing. Watson asserted in his behaviourism version that humans responded to environmental stimuli just in the similar way (DeMar 1989, p.1). However, Watsons classical behaviourism was regarded too crude, he himself did refrain from academia after a divorce scandal. In his wake, several neo-behaviourists, including B. F. skinner, Clark L. Hull and Ernest R. Hilgard took over the doctrine in an array of directions. On a different perspective, the well-known architect of a innate or less mechanistic behaviourism version was B. F. Skinner, whose premises of operative conditioning did attest potent enough to be utilized in a number of settings (Wightman & Kloppenberg 1995, p. 68).At times grounded in stylish mathematical acquirement theories, but much more frequently established on instinctive rules of thumb, behavioural techniques were used in psychotherapy, medicine, education, advertising, business and management of mental hospitals and prisons. Given its certain comparing of lower animals to humans, together with its firm permeation into such conventionally humanist territories as the curative ed ucation and art, its doubtless that Skinners version of radical behaviourism has long provoked controversy (Wightman & Kloppenberg 1995, p.68). Whats more, todays behaviourism is associated with B. F. Skinner, who attained his reputation as a radical behaviourist by experimenting Watsons assertions in the laboratory. His laboratory experiments coupled with a number of researches led him to snub Watsons exclusive allegations on conditioning and reflexes. Skinner avowed that humans not only respond to their surroundings, but operate on their surroundings to give rise to explicit consequences (Skinner, Catania & Harnad 1988, p. 3).Furthermore, Skinner came up with the operant conditioning surmise, the notion that human behave the way they do as this sort of behaviour has had explicit effects long-ago. For instance, if a boy kisses a misfire when she gives him flowers, then the girl will be expected to come with flowers when she wants a kiss from him. Thus, the girl will be acting in anticipation of proper(postnominal) reward. Contrary to Watson, Skinner rejected the idea that feelings or the human mind play a part in determining behaviour. He instead insisted that an individualistic experience of reinforcements determines his or her behaviour (Skinner, Catania & Harnad 1988, p.10). Therefore, according to radical behaviourism version, one of Skinners objective was to shape humans behaviour in away to respond in a much more socially tolerable way. In his operant conditioning theory he was absolutely clear that his theory ought to be applied to guide human behaviour (Shaffer 2005, p. 45). Moreover, Skinners experimental analysis of human or general behaviour has resulted in an effectual, in force(p) and efficient technology, pertinent to psychotherapy, education, as well as the design of cultural practices generally (Shaffer 2005, p.46). In conclusion, the ethical effects of both Watsons and Skinners versions of behaviourism are immense. An individual is stri pped off his or her freedom, dignity, responsibility and reduced to a merely natal being, to be shaped by behaviourists who wrap up the ability to apply the tools of behaviourism efficiently. Bibliography Cohen, D. (1987). Behaviorism, Oxford Companion to Mind, Richard, L. , ed. NY Oxford University Press. DeMar, G. (1989). Behaviorism.Online available http//www. forerunner. com/forerunner/X0497_DeMar_-_Behaviorism. html Richards, G. (2009). Psychology, key concepts. Milton Park Routledge. Shaffer, D. (2005). Social & personality development. Belmont Walworth. Skinner, B. , Catania, C. , & Harnad, S. (1988). Selection of behaviour, operant behaviourism of Burrhus Frederic Skinner. Melbourne Cambridge Syndicate Press. Wightman, R. , & Kloppenberg, J. (1995). A companion to American thought. Massachusetts Blackwell.

Middle Class Dillusionment Essay

In 1958, a man named George Mowry explains s economic, social, and political divisions of the progressivism strawman. The progressivism movement ties in a lot with our society right out and shows how history does indeed repeat itself. Mowry describes the good, and bad of progressivism, hardly emphasizes the bad. Mowry is really trying to exhibit the differences between capitalism and socialism in his essay and explain wherefore progressivism is non good for the well being and future of America, which can be proven today but our economic instability and division as a nation.More importantly however Mowry displays how progressives try to construct, heaven on earth by their moral actions. Mowry first describes the type of wad who are involved in progressivism. People who were involved in progressivism were the solid middle class, who were intellectual and ethical climate of age, a significant cluster of prejudices and biases, and mountain who created great inventions, beautiful pictures, and the law. The people of the solid middle class were lawyers, newspaper, publishing, independent manufacturers, merchants, medicine, banking, and real-estate.The progressive leaders included the Chicago tribune family, and Charles Evan Hughes, if names mean anything, an overwhelming proportion of this reform group came from sexagenarian American stock with British origins consistently indicated. More dangerous than rich people who inherited money from their ancestors was their rich youth, Obviously this was a boundary, like the ones after(prenominal) the war of 1812 and 1850s, when energetic and incautious youth took command. This is ironic because all of their ancestors earned their money through capitalism and thats what progressives are trying to hook on away now.Religious affiliations of the progressivism movement were the woman of the Quaker faith, and Jewish faith. Overall the progressives hated the economic system of capitalism, believed that the wealthy ar e bad people who we must take away money from and give it to the masses, and most of these people are young. Joseph Medill Patterson, whose godfather founded the Tribune resigned from the Chicago commissions of public works to become a socialist. Patterson believed it was impossible to reform a metropolis under capitalism, he announced , it was impossible to reform the city and country under capitalism. Patterson was exemplifying capitalism vs. socialism. Capitalism is the persuasion that Capital is owned, operated, and traded for the purpose of generating gelt for private owners or shareholders. Emphasis on single(a) profit rather than on workers or society as a whole. On the former(a) clear socialism is according to his/her ability, to each according to his contribution. Emphasis on profit being distributed among the society or workforce in addition to receiving a wage. today we can see many links between capitalism and socialism.Our government today is run on progressivism/ socialist ideals. President Barack Obama has several patterns and ideas to help the hapless by giving them the money of the rich people, and supplying them with health care (obamacare) and so on. Progressives wanted to help people, they wanted to help the poor, this was not morally awry(p) but many other people saw that this was hurting our economy. Our government is socialist/ progressive because they want to lose government control over other money and they want to have the ability to decide where that money goes.But you cant just do that. If those people earned their wealth they should have every right to keep it, they should not be entitled to try to help the poor. Furthermore during this time of the progressivism movement there were many Democrat-republicans who supported the idea of progressivism. Some of those commonly known leaders are Theodore Roosevelt, Robert La Follete, Lincoln Steffens, Willam Allen White, Woodrow Wilson, John Johnson, and Hooke Smith of Georgia. A nother group of people who were making a movement was populism.Populism were a group of people who were economically secured, well educated, middle class group who arose from farmer distress in a period of acute depression. fit in to William Allen White, populism had shaved its whiskers, washed its shirt, put on a derby, and moved up into the middle class populism arose from a farmer distress in a period of acute depression. Its reforms were belly reforms. The movement was led by angry men and woman not too far removed from the Grange hall. The motivation of these farmers was heart.They believed its not elegant to take farm land and stick a bunch of windmills on there, not only was it not fair but it also made the horticulture business lose money. In a specific case California lost money for putting up windmills in farmer land and spell the production of agriculture into a nominal size. This idea of motivation of heart also relates to today because our motivation for supplying all of this aid comes from heart, because we believe it isnt fair that one shouldnt have medical care, or food etc.However there are just some gray areas to this plan that need to be filled and that is what in term ends up costing us millions. Another important point that Mowry discusses is the rise of industrial and commercial cities. The confirmatory things about the rise of these cities are that it was, a refuge from an ugly country side and hostile natural environment, and it also provided a place of ardor and opportunities. In contrast to the positive things were the negative things.The negative things about the rise of industrial and commercial cities is that its, Devils berg of crimes, successful= financial workers and failures if they remained family workers. It also created an anti-urban feeling which romanticized introduce past and agrarian background, involved western stories and virtues of the countryside. Miss. Glasgow believed, Country was the world as God has plan ned it, the city as man had made it. There was by all odds some mixed feelings between the citizens about urban and a city lifestyle. Mowry described the income people had into triplet categories.The first category was the upper-class which we defined as, people who had more money than was good for them. The middle class were those who had just enough and the lower class were those who had much less than was morally good for them. In regards to these three categories each community made schmalzy arrangements by property, classical economic laws repeatedly described in the past as natural had become artificial and progressives had destroyed the popular sanction behind the laws of rent, prices and wages. In response to the actions of the progressives came the enforcement and rise of repel unions.Mowry viewed the labor unions as a menace not only to the employer but to the entire community, the small employer and many middle class professional unions gave the same results of indus trial monopoly. The labor unions made a steady decrease in opportunities for the individual operating as an individual, thus putting an end to open society, and putting the burden of the industrial revolution upon the middle class. In an attempt to rebuttal the cruel attack of the labor union on progressives the progressives created a co operation of progressive and organized labor.This operation left only the progressives to lead. The captain of industry and labor boss was standard. Monopolistic closed shop was an abomination not to be tolerated with or without the government and progressives became a majority. The progressives were motivated by fear and confidence to expire any other group. They believed that they were The good men, The better element, The moral crowd because of the fact that they believed in helping people. The progressives planned to increase the number of big(p) hearted men to counteract the class organization of both capital and labor.The progressives belie ved that gaining more support from others would make them the majority and be favored, loved, and even looked up too. The progressives wanted to remove capitalism and labor unions. The progressives were strong for fighting back against the mass numbers of capitalists and labor unions, but fight they did and they did not back down. Although the intentions of progressives were morally correct it was not economically correct for the success and future of America.Our government and administrators today might believe that what they are doing is right for the people but they have to also fill what is right for our nation. The way Mowry described the mentality of progressives can be used to describe the mentality of some of our administrators today, Reactionary and reform impulse, a desire to create heaven on earth, moral superiority is greater than our economy, and lastly individualism dynamism and leadership. These are the characteristics of progressives today and of 1958. It is true that history repeats itself.

Case Study Counselling in the Work Placement

EA L RN E the learning centre R VIC Diploma in direction face Study Sixth term Case Study. Length 3,500 words (in total) General Points The subject of the case study must be a leaf node whom you have been counselling for at least 6 sessions, preferably more. The case study is about how you and your client have worked together within your core supposed model of counselling. This involves reflecting on your process in relationship to your client, your clients process in relationship to themselves and the ongoing process amid the two of you.Structure of the Case Study To set the scene for our case study, you need to describe the theory that informs your practice, ie. why you do what you do. We suggest you make reference to the following (this section should be no longer than 1,000 words) Your personal value system (this may include religious beliefs, your moral label, your philosophy of life) Theoretical sources (e. g. Rogers, the existentialists ) Ethical code of practice (per sonal code of practice, e. g. oundaries such as relationships with clients) Integration of the personal with the professional aspects of self as outlined above (how did you arrive at your current value system and the sources for these? ) It is main(prenominal) that your written case study reflects the special(prenominal) quality of the relationship you have created with your client. What we would like to see and what we would like demonstrated is the way in which you have achieved this. E E S Writing Skills/Specialist coursework/15. 2 Diploma in Counselling Case StudyR S power takeoff/. 1 EA L RN E R the learning centre R VIC 1. Personal History Include age, sex, family history, current relationship, family situation and occupational situation. 2. Counselling arrangements Briefly describe the setting in which the counselling is provided the frequency and length of counselling sessions, how long youve been counselling the client, and the number of sessions which have taken place t o date. What was your initial contract with the client, and has this been reviewed? 3. Presenting issuesBriefly outline why the client has requested counselling now. As far as possible, try and use the clients language. Please include your initial subjective responses to the client, noting your response to differences between you and your client. 4. Your opinion of this client Describe your assessment of the client and the nature of your work together making reference to relevant theory. a. b. c. d. e. On what criteria did you base your initial assessment? What is you clients concept of self? To what extent do you agree with this?What sense did you make of this person? What was your response to both the client and their presenting issues? How did you decide that you were competent to work with this client? What did you agree would be the focus of your work? f. 5. The presenting past Describe the relationship between responses to current issues with key events from the clients past , e. g. loss. PTO/ 2 E E S Writing Skills/Specialist coursework/15. 2 Diploma in Counselling Case Study S EA L RN E R the learning centre R VIC 6. Counselling processDescribe the counselling process with reference to the beginning, middle and end stages. How do you consider your client changed? What persona did counselling make to this? Evaluate your ability to demonstrate the core conditions at the different stages of the process. 7. Supervision Throughout your case study, we would like to see how you have apply both your individual and group supervision in working with this client. We would also like to have some sense of how your internal supervisor is evolving during your work. . Practitioner issues In relation to your work with this client, evaluate your ability to hold professional boundaries and work within an ethical framework. You may find it helpful to mention any particular critical experiences to illustrate your practice. You might find it useful to look at Rogers stag es of process found in On Becoming a Person (1961). grab also, Mearns and Thorne (1988) Person Centred Counselling in Action, Sage E E Writing Skills/Specialist coursework/15. 2 Diploma in Counselling Case Study S S 3

A Consideration of the Role of Feste in Twelfth Night

Shakespe be portrays Feste as a well-drawn, wise, cunning, adaptable character. His character is used in Twelfth Night to reflect on the actions and emotions of the early(a)s by keeping himself at a distance from the some other characters and not becoming emotion wholey involved in any of the p plentys at the beginning of the play. Feste subtly conveys his messages and thoughts through his yells to the audience about the other characters in the play. He reveals in his songs that Orsino is roaming after the wrong love in his pursuit of Olivia.Feste somewhat becomes the narrator of the play by commenting on actions that occur at bottom the play and foreshadowing horizontalts. When Feste first enters into the play he has been absent from Olivias court a long time and must now return into her favour. He does not want to listen to what Maria says to him and using his quick wit manages to answer her. Feste demonstrates his quick wit and ability to juggle words effectively when he says permit her hang me he that is well hanged in this world needs to fear no colours.This remark reveals that Feste does not fear Marias threats and also reveals his intelligence and his philosophical human face for he would earlier be hanged than be in a war, needs fear no colours. Shakespeare portrays him as a wise man although the Elizabethan audience might consider him a coward and unpatriotic for not wanting to protect and defend his country. Feste carries the stigma of stupidity, which previous fools in literature have inflicted upon all fools but Shakespeare created Feste as an intelligent fool who would change the audiences perception of the role of fools.Shakespeare displays Festes skill at juggling words as an example of the differences between Feste and other fools as traditionally fools are considered to be ignorant buffoons who are there to entertain using jokes and juggling objects to create amusement. However, Feste displays his insight about the people environ him i nstead while also offering his thoughts about which ruinous condition he would rather be in, many a good hanging prevents a bad marriage.Here he hints that a bad marriage may take place and that death is better than to be un smart in life. Feste is not loyal to his mistress like Malvolio is to Olivia and Viola is to Orsino for he wanders through the different courts al centerings in search of favour and money. In Orsinos court he sings of love and how it can kill, I am slain by a fair cruel maid mans folly and mans deceitful nature while in Olivias court he sings to Sir toby and Sir Andrew he sings more joyful and careless songs but still reflecting on the characters actions.When he sings the type of song Sir Toby selected he adds on to it when he sees they like it and makes the song relevant to what is happening and sings about what he has seen as an outsider watching the scenes that are happening. Even when he uses symphony he acts in his capacity as the fool for the house and i s secretly wording the advice he would give to certain other characters in the play should he be allowed to tell them. This illustrates his perceptiveness and ability to adapt to any situation no matter what he is supposed to do.Festes perceptiveness is used as a device to remember what has happened in Twelfth Night without becoming too involved in the play and not seeing the bigger perspective. Sir Andrew is revealed as even more ignorant than Sir Toby has al train portrayed him as Feste uses his skills at juggling words to make up new words, which seem real and real(a) to Sir Andrew. Feste uses his role as the fool to poke fun at Sir Andrew and sets him up for further humiliation after on because Sir Andrew stores the words Feste uses in his memory and later uses them in any context to try and convince everyone of his intelligence.As Twelfth Night is a play all about foolery and based on the Feast of Fools it is fitting that Feste should make fun of the lesser characters of the p lay, which somehow make the audience laugh at them as well. Feste is the centre of amusement and merriment in every situation, providing the entertainment for the others and he does this in many ways. Sir Toby enjoys Feste making fun of Sir Andrew and Feste knows this so he does it to please Sir Toby and Sir Andrew being the person he is doesnt realise this and pays Feste as well.Feste demonstrates his cunning in managing to get money out of two people for different reasons. In Act 4 Feste reveals he is ready to become part of the play and take an active role. The others have tricked Malvolio agrees to dress up as Sir Topas, a curate. He thoroughly enjoys his new role as he is making Malvolio madder and without Malvolio in the way he is more important to his mistress, Olivia. In his role as Sir Topas he is more appealing to Sir Toby as Sir Toby hates Malvolio for his puritan-like ways.Festes disguise convinces Malvolio that Feste is a real curate and Feste undermines his own charact er being reluctant to join in and always being himself he is now pretending to be something he is not although he is adapting to this new role he is putting on a different face, which he has never done before. Feste reveals one of his flaws through his disguise when he does not know where is a safe place to stop teasing Malvolio and juggling words. In this way he goes over the top with his role and needs someone to keep him in check but has no one to do this for him.Festes final song seems to be a perfect ending to Twelfth Night. While this song contains many silly words and phrases designed to make people laugh, it does have a serious side to it that suggest that love and marriage are not the only things in life and that there is not always a happy ending. The song goes through the life cycle from a little tiny boy and reverts all the way back around again to when the world begun. It seems to be about Festes life in particular and his choice to become a fool.He is saying that becom ing a fool was his only way to arrive because he could not have succeeded any other way. Shakespeare uses Feste as someone to reflect and a way to end the play fittingly. In Twelfth Night, the fools are the ones that control the comedy and humour in the play. They assist in the make believe game and fool around with characters who evade reality or rather realize a dream. This makes Feste a pivotal character in Twelfth Night as without him many other things could have happened and a lot less humour and jokes would have occurred.

Jacques †Louis David Essay

We know that through out our Art History many artists have made themselves a name in this world. We have learned about the different periods of art history and the artist involved in those periods. Listening about all theses artists rattling touched me. at that place is so many to talk about, but I have pick one. Jacques Louis David was a great painter painting was considered his strength. He is one I really like. Jacques Louis David was born on August 30 1748 and then he died December 29 1825.David was considered the most celebrated French artist of his day and a head teacher exponent of the late 18th-century Neoclassical reaction against the Rococo style (Britannia Encyclopedia). His father had died when he was nine and his mother left him. His uncles who were architects took care of him. He was not considered a good student. He had a facial tumor that impeded his speech, and he was always preoccupied with drawing. He covered his notebooks with drawings (Jacques-Louis David. org ).He never paid charge to his studies just focusing on his art. He once said, I was always hiding behind the instructors chair, drawing for the duration of the class (Jacques-Louis David. org). He wanted to be a painter but his uncles and mother wanted him to be an architect. He followed his heart and went to study with Francois Boucher, who was the famous artist of that time. The times were changing and so was the art. Boucher decided to s terminal David to his good friend Joseph Marie Vien to study with him. David ended up attending the Royal honorary society well he was there. David around 1770 to 1774 attempt to win a scholarship.He tried four times before he finally won. David attempted to win the Prix de Rome, an art scholarship to the French Academy in Rome, four times between 1770 and 1774 once, he lost according to legend because he had not consulted Vien, one of the judges. Another time, he lost because a few other students had been competing for years, and Vien felt Da vids education could wait for these other mediocre painters. In protest, he attempted to starve himself to death. Finally, in 1774, David won the Prix de Rome, (Jacques-Louis David. org). David by and by on ended up in Italy.He was in truth inspired by the work. David filled twelve sketchbooks with material that he would derive from for the rest of his life, (Jacques-Louis David. org). In 1780, David completed the work Belisarius Asking Alms, which he besides exhibited in Paris. He used a truly unique approach to this switch. In which he feature a nobly sentimental approach to antiquity with a pictorial technique reminiscent of Poussin, (Britannia Encyclopedia). This piece you plenty tell is what started it all. You can see that David was very into the classical period.This is a very good piece for an artist just starting his career. To me it looks realistic, but you can still tell it was idealistic. I really liked the use of color in this piece. The focus though does not just seem to be on one person, but one all tether characters portrayed in the piece. It really fits in the period. I chose this piece because it was one of Davids first pieces that kick started his career into art. It was the very first piece he exhibited. Another piece that helped his career is Oath of the Horatii. He produced this in 1784.This was one of the pieces in the Neoclassicism period. This piece had to do with a social contract. The artist references Enlightenment set while alluding to Rousseaus social contract, (Wikipedia). They are showing the oath as a act of being one, they are coming together. The Oath between the characters can be read as an act of unification of men to the binding of the state, (Wikipedia). It likewise shows gender issue clearly between the women and the men. The issue of gender roles also becomes apparent in this piece, as the women in Horatii greatly contrast the group of brothers.David depicts the father with his back to the women, shutting them out of the oath making ritual they also appear to be smaller in scale than the male figures, (Wikipedia). This piece was really good. It really caught my eye when we studied it in class. I chose this piece because I wanted represent a piece of Davids from the Neoclassicism period. This was one of his best. It marks the middle of his time. One last piece of Davids is Mars Being Disarmed by Venus and the Three Graces. This was the very last piece of work he created before he died.It was known to be his great last work. He worked on this from 1822 to 1824. In 1823 he had said, This is the last picture I want to paint, but I want to surpass myself in it. I will frame in the date of my seventy-five years on it and afterwards I will never again pick up my brush, (Wikipedia). He exhibited this in Brussels, where about 10, 000 stack came to view this piece. I chose this piece because I wanted show the ending of this story. This story is the story of David. He had actually stopped on his o wn will. This is the piece that represented he ended with a bang.He had been painting for seventy-five years now. I really liked how he showed the end of a battle. It symbolizes the end of his career. There are many great artists in our world, many from a long time ago. There has been so much artistic work that has impact us in many ways. We can only rely on artwork to tell us about these artists that no longer exist. Jacques Louis David was a very famous painter from the many periods. He had seventy-five years of work. His impact has still remained. Artists will still remain.

Human Resource Management Ethics and Employment Essay

Talisman in grass management was forced to cut their operations in Sudan. Any commercial operations and gained benefits cannot become a price for protesting riots and the new splash of civil war at some(prenominal) destination. As a affaire of fact Talisman Company was told to sacrifice its subsidiary, which is worth around 12% from the Company total value, in order to save political stability.Talisman CEO Jim Buckees estated later, after the sale was inform that Talismans sh ars have continued to be discounted based on perceived political guess in-country and in North America . . . . Sh beholders have told me that they were tired of continually having to monitor and analyze events relating to Sudan. (Kobrin, 2004). Even with some(prenominal) years past Talisman view is a good reason for numerous questions, which are for sure difficult to answer either from ethical or political side.The debates around such topics as immaterial capital company debt instrument for merciful ity rights and violation, the function of management for decisions taking, and the necessity of issuing the institution in order to monitor violation, judge transgressions and to impose sanctions are loud even today. Certainly, there is no regulative military groupful tool in such countries as Sudan for measuring, prediction and setting standards for corporative port through growing of norms and monitoring violations cases. There is a good riddle to be solved within Talisman situation in Sudan.What will happen if Talismans management and board had to make a decision? Would they keep the stead in Sudan and continue to try to make a difference through Talismans corporate companionable responsibility initiatives or the operations are to be cut? Analyzing Talisman situation in Sudan I motive to admit that Talisman internalisation for the years of Sudan operations has become a significant power and chest of drawers in the planetary political system through setting standards, s upplying public goods and participating in negotiations.The summary is that political authority should imply public responsibility. This opinion ruins the traditional believe that entirely state and states agents are responsible for human rights violations. The reality brings the integrated structure of multinational corporations their strategy is concerned with change magnitude integration of the global economy and increasing the number of problems between legal political structure and transnational corporations towards questions of human rights violation.Successful transnational corporation such as Talisman Company should become a regulative political mechanism itself for protection of individual rights, operational wise and employing all possible mechanisms for lordly obligations on company management and corporative culture regarding human rights violation and corporative policy in this question. These controversies in Sudan raised lot of questions for other Canadian compa nies, regarding the reasonability of such investments in unknown oil pipe-line sound projections. Should Canadian companies invest in Burma or Afghanistan?Who is responsible for risk caused by operations in the territories affected by civil wars and political riots? Political risk always presents in international operations. We can review such historical facts as nationalization of international companies in Russia after Bolshevik revolution. Statistically ten countries have nationalized their oil product before the year, 1970th. For me it is absolutely clear that Talisman Company had no chances to develop their productions under such roughneck political and activists pressure.Under the circumstances the way come in was selling Talisman interest to the Company with worthy ethical background and negotiate policy due to questions of cultural and individual human rights, GNPOC property became a good candidate at the time. Analyzing the present situation in oil-gas Sudan policy, w e can admit that petroleum orbit including GNPOC is not transparent even nowadays. Corruption and thrilling political wars are the of import reasons for that.Talisman Incorporation made a constructive decision through selling its share to GNPOC property, Canadian transnational corporation gained the second chance to develop their operations and grow internationally instead of being stuck in politicians games and corruption. The main question, which appeared shortly after Talisman story is more ethical than political, it is focused on the delegation of responsibility for human rights violations by any transnational corporation or its subsidiary operating in foreign territory with high risk of civil war or activists riots.It is obvious that the forces country, Sudan in our case, is unremarkably the first violator of human rights. Sudanese government paid very low attention to the mishap with Talisman complicating the human rights of its citizens. At the other side, Canadian Gover nment has analyzed Talisman Company Investments in Sudan thus a scope of threatened sanctions were taken to regulate Company activities. (Drohan, 1999, 2003 Frank, 1999). Dr.Campbell (2006, 258) states that, governments are, on the whole, neither adequate nor willing to effectively regulate MNCs, particularly when operating come out of the closetside of their own jurisdiction and even in areas where legal regulation would be appropriate were it feasible Was Talisman selling the only way out of the situation and had Talisman Company the real Human Rights Obligations? Due to the pith human and object lesson rights derived from human being dignity and equality of individual rights all members of human family ( unify Nations GeneralAssembly, 1998 (1948)) are identified with moral imperatives of positive law system (Campbell, 2006).So the moral standpoints due to Talisman Company obligations are positive, notwithstanding they are opposite to commercial interest. Following the moral principals any transnational corporation should observe canonical human rights at the legal location of their operations and respect the dignity of human rights as the core value of their business idea and a moral compass for business practices (Donaldson, 1996). Remembering the words of Jim Buckee, who would alike(p) Talisman Energy Inc. f Calgary, Alberta, to be known as a true Canadian conquest Company, that has increased oil and gas production by 30 percent a year since the mid-1990s by reaching beyond its prairie base to develop wells in the North Sea, Ind angiotensin converting enzymesia and Sudan, I take to underline that there were no intentions from Talisman side to cut operations in Sudan.Full naturalised oil production just has begun when the Company was attacked by church representatives, civil activists and pension funds in the USA and Canada for violation and genocide, and other abuses of human rights. Why us Jim Buckee asked, he added We are a in business, we are not in politics, and we can only affect things within our sphere of influence. Now the holdings in Sudan amount to only 10 percent of Talismans total assets and we are happy with project and have no intentions to leave (Buckee, 2000) The main goal of the conversation between Talisman and legal power forces was concerned with ability of Talisman Company to adopt a corporate code that includes human rights in it. At that point Farther Ryan stressed If you have that, and youre a force for improving the situation, what are your objectives and strategies?And can you produce an audited result of what impact youre having? If you cant operate without violating human rights, the only option is to leave (Ryan, 2000). That actually became a prediction for Talisman selling its share in Sudan and deviation and leaving. What type of business faces is adoptable for Sudanese political forces and civil activists, is there a definite one? China and Malaysia companies traditionally paying a low atte ntion to human rights claiming that we are the only perceptible Western business face for Sudanese government (Donaldson, 1996).At the same time, I cannot see any other way out for Talisman Corporation accept the possibility of business development out from Sudan, because according to the Westphalian Context each particular whole of any transnational corporation is obligated to be supervised by national jurisdiction including its own existent as a legal unit and legal personality, so its legal rights and duties are to be affected by the fact. Talisman corporation in our case is actually to be shifted through the grid of state sovereignty into an as disunitement of secondary rights and possible liabilities (Johns, 1994 141) cited in (Cutler, 2001).On the other hand Westphalian orthodoxy suggests that corporations could not have any direct obligations under international law and thus any positive duty to observe human rights (Muchlinski, 2001). Such kind of Treaties are signed by st ates and international law imposes obligations only on states and not on non-state actors. (Pegg, 2003 Vazquez, 2005). At this dot of dispute there can be a compromise that it is important for the state to regulate and go on the controlling tools for activities of non-state actors, because they might lead to human violation riots. Muchlinski, 2001 35).So the idea of putting direct obligations on Talisman Corporation for human rights violation is some kind of interventionist, as even a sort of neo-colonial extension of violence in the conflict with the sovereign rights of the local/ host state. The problem is that there is a particular concern regarding the developing countries or those with high risk of national rebelling, these territories typically got the highest number of human right violation accusations imposed to transnational corporations.Current policy is reflected in the last draft of the United Nations Code of Conduct for Transnational Corporations code which called for TNCs to respect the national sovereignty of the countries in which they operate and remark that an entity of a transnational corporation is subject to the laws, regulations and established administrative practices of the country in which it operates (United Nations Centre on Transnational Corporations, 1990,35). Talisman Company Sudanese conflict drugged the issuing of new tools for corporate behavior regulation afterwards.The Proposal for Human Rights Related Regulation is purposed with building corporate policy for Canadian companies operating on risky territories providing the following recommendations to them All Canadian securities commissions should initiate discussion among their members about issues relating to corporate run in war zones, with special reference to direct or arms length switch in weapons and materiel, involvement with individuals and companies recruited abroad to engage in hostilities in a third country, or the battle array of mining concessions in retur n for protection of any sort.Guidelines dealing with such issues should be created or added to existing codes. (Campbell, T. 2006). Canadian business is deeply international its global presence dictates the new rules and policies to all the parties including attention to ethical, social and environmental responsibility regarding local communities safety and human rights. The new set of proposals for regulation is issued specially for Canadian global business and aimed to help establishing the friendly community operating business relationship within host company state and non state infrastructures.

Haidilao Touchpoint Essay

Haidilao is an acclivitous restaurant brand in China. I like it because it brings me delightful dining experience. When I am delay for a table in the restaurant, the waiters will bring me some free food, and it also offers free intoxicate art service for women and free shoeshine service for men. When I am ordering dishes, the waiter will pull down remind me how much food is enough for how many people. So every time I go at that place, I feel respected and delighted.Touch points1. Service and price Haidilao is famous for its high-end service and ordinary price. In essence, it applies the excellent customer service in hotel industry to a hot pot restaurant. When customers are waiting for a table, it offers tea, food, nail art and shoeshine service for free. When customers sit down, the waiters will bring some hair bands, aprons, foretell shells, hot towel and so on. There are even cosmetics and hand cream in the bathroom. Although more or less people wont use the cosmetics, it still shows how considerate the company is. Many people key out this abnormal service because it lets people fully feel the customer is God.2. Food Haidilao offers authentic Sichuan hot pot. The dishes are clean, fresh, and customers can even order half of a dish. They can also make their own act with the ingredients offered by Haidilao. 3. Employee The waiters are very passionate. They always wear a smile on their face. They care almost customers from the bottom of their heart. As I just mentioned, when you order too many dishes, they will remind you.4. agriculture The culture of the Haidilao company is people-oriented and customer first. Many companies only think about how to satisfy their customers while inadvertence how to satisfy their employees. However, Haidilao cares about its employees very much. Although its workforce is mostly composed of young employees born in develop suburban areas, the CEO treats them like family members. Therefore, they are enthused and motivat ed to deliver extraordinary service to customers creatively. 5. Word of let out Haidilao is a hot topic in China. Many people post their experience in Haidilao online and there are many bewildering stories you cant imagine, which makes people who havent been there more queer about it. 6. Media Haidilao doesnt do any advertising, but many media report the story of Haidilao because of the founders unique entrepreneurial values and compares it with Foxconn, which also increases its popularity.

Natural Fiber Wide Use Health And Social Care Essay

born(p) character references have been in a liberal usage since the development of the human race. Catching up the Eco thrust, utilize scientists were tinctureing for eco-friendly options for fictile fibre. In the cod class m whatsoever indwelling fibres have been tested and rough were able to do their base going economically feasible. The vex twist proposes to fix and prove a Natural Fiber ( Asian jaggery palm ) Reinforced Composite ( NFRC ) . The survey is planned in contour to a 3-Level Factorial endeavor and find the fluctuation of tractile Strength ( TS ) , of poor and randomly lie Palmyra NFRC, to a lower place picture parametric quantities such as alkali intervention sever, persona continuance and fiber playscript % . The present paper focuses to pattern the influence of social function shiftings on TS through reception Surface Methodology. The mathematical metaphysical flyer which is developed to foretell plastic capability is found statistically valid and sound within the scope of the factors.Keywords A Discontinuous support, B Mechanical belongingss, C statistical properties/methods, D Mechanical testing, E Lay-up ( manual ) .1. IntroductionNatural fibre has been in a broad usage since the development of the human race. They had got broad acceptation in communities for their flexibleness and dexterity. Recent tendencies in the country of fibre fortify complexs have drawn a twine in utilizing these intrinsic fibres as their support. The natural fibre imparts lower lastingness and lower long suit comp argond to glaze fibres. However, low specific gravitational force consequences in a higher specific might and stiffness than glass. Natural fibres offer good thermal, nonconductor and acoustic insularity belongingss along with easiness in bear upon technique with by have oning of tools.Most of these fibres argon take a crapd in developing states alike(p) China, India and Brazil etc. In a historical position compl exs like straw reinforced walls, bows and chariots make of pasted beds played of second functions in their endurance. Though many of these fibres are limited to their epidemic parts due to high local demand for many old ages, sexual climax of man-made fibres have involveed the market of natural fibres. afterward being entirely used for their electromagnetic belongingss, utilizing complexs to better the structural public presentation of ballistic capsule and bloodlinecraft became popular in last devil decennaries of the old century. Particularly, increased constrains and future environmental route maps, have been emphasizing automotive industries to diminish their C pes prints. These rigorous steps have become blessing to the lagging natural fibre industries, and at that placeby making new challenges for research workers in happening beginnings of fibre, fiction techniques and applications of natural fibres. The easy handiness of natural fibres and fabricating have motivated r esearch workers worldwide late to seek locally available cheap fibres and to break apart their feasibleness of support intents and to what extent they satisfy the needed specifications of good reinforced polymer complexs 1 .Many surveies proved them to be possible rivals to man-made fibre to some extent. After reexamining the bing literature available on natural fibre complexs, assorted writers had put attempts in planing complexs based on the demands of composite industry. There has been a broad assortment of literature available on natural fibres such aspen, abaca, bagasse, bamboo, banana, coir, day of the month thenar, flax, henequen, isora, jute, silk cotton, deccan hemp, oil thenar, genus Ananas comosus, ramee, sisal, etc. , 2-18 . Natural fibre complexs provide comparable specific peculiarity with that of man-made fibre complexs, due the low denseness offered by natural fibres 19 . There are many parametric quantities which partake the public presentation of a natur al fiber-reinforced complex. Chemical alte ration improvesA fiberA matrix adhesion, their consequences and effects on the visible belongingss ofA complexs 20 . Aspect ratio has a considerable consequence on composite belongingss, hence it is of import to conserve fiber length every bit much as possible during composite military operationing operations 21 . Mechanical belongingss of the composite vary with assorted sums of fibre volume ratio. But there have been a really few documents covering with Palmyra fibre, the present fibre of our involvement 22 24 .The Borasseus Flabellifer is a tall and vertical thenar, and can populate 100 old ages or much and make a tallness of 30 m, with a canopy of big, fan-shaped foliages several twelve found distributing 3 metres across 25 . Each and every portion of the tree is a noteworthy socio-economic revalue for populate in Southern India. The mid-ribs of the foliages and the fibres from their chaffs are used in doing indus running coppices and b populates. The fibre has good opposition to impact and heat, and pull up stakes defy many chemicals and dissolvers. The denseness of toddy palm ( 0.7 gm/cm3 ) is least among all cognise natural fibres that are being commercially used in fabricating natural fibre complexs. This is extremely approbatory belongings from the position point of light-weightiness. The present complex can happen extended application in non-structural, low-performance utilizations. Hence, the toddy palm fibres are most suited for doing support in green composite stuffs.The present research focuses on the survey and consequence of procedure parametric quantities on the waxy effectuality of of a sudden and indiscriminately oriented palmyra natural fibre reinforced complexs. The decisions drawn from this is that, a successful compounding of procedure parametric quantities consequences in the betterment of mechanical belongingss of the composite. In future, complexs allow be manufactured point more harmonizing to an integrated tendency procedure ensuing in the optimal building harmonizing to parametric quantities such as form, mass, fortissimo, stiffness, lastingness, costs, etc. The developed mathematical supposed account will be able to deliver the influence of a design alteration on each one of these parametric quantities ( here strength ) .2. RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGYResponse surface methodological analytic thinking ( RSM ) began with the work of Box and Wilson in the Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 26 . That work was motivated by the demand to track down experiments expeditiously, by a proper pick of design, and to find operating conditions on a set of manageable variables that submit rise to an optimum retort. The cardinal thoughts in the classical RSM are developed utilizing additive multinomial theoretical accounts, chiefly first-degree and second-degree theoretical accounts, with uninterrupted response variables assumed, for the mos t portion, to be independently and usually distributed with changeless mis take away discrepancies. This method has gone through several phases of development that are aimed at doing it more relevant to wider experimental state of affairss 27 .RSM is a aggregation of mathematical and statistical techniques that are utile for the define and analysis of jobs in which a response of involvement is influenced by several variables and the aim is to optimise the response 28 . For, illustration, if the experimenter wishes to happen the degrees of two scuttlebutt variables, x1, x2 which maximize the widening y of the procedure, so the procedure output is stated aswhere I represents the noise or mistake notice in the response Y. If the judge response is denoted by E y = f x1, x2 = I , so the surface represented by I = f x1, x2 is called a response surface. If the individual input variable can be colligate to the end product variable so it is known as response curve and if t he two input variables relate to the end product variable so it is known as response surface 28 . In common pattern, response surfaces are expressed diagrammatically and visualized through single cryptical plans, contours and 3D surface graphs.3. SPECIMEN FabricationThe petioles of Asiatic Palmyra tree were soaked in a H2O retting armored combat vehicle for 45 yearss. After 45 yearss, the fibre can be extracted from the chaffs manually. These long uninterrupted fibres are washed exhaustively in plentifulness of clean H2O to take the excess waste ( fig. 1 ) .3.1 ALKALI TREATMENTThe obtained fibres were divided into trio parts of mate weight. These three groups of fibre were treated with 5 % NaOH solution for different clip continuances. The first group is treated for 2 hours, the second for 4 hours and the 3rd for 6 hours. Chemical intervention with NaOH removes wet content from the fibres thereby increase its strength. The chemical intervention besides clears all the drosss tha t are bordering the fiber stuff and besides stabilizes the molecular orientation. After alkali intervention, fibres were washed exhaustively in the distilled H2O and were dried for one twenty-four hours at room temperature.Then these long fibres were cut into short fibres of different lengths ( 3mm, 5mm and 7mm ) . The fibres which were treated for 2 hours with NaOH are cut into follow sums of 3mm, 5mm and 7mm fibres severally. Similarly, the fibres which were treated with NaOH for 4 hours and 6 hours were besides cut into short fibres. Therefore nine different samples of fibre were prepared which vary in fibre length and alkali intervention hours.3.2 PREPATION OF COMPOSITESA rectangular wooden board of 300mm, 300mm was taken and wooden forms of onerousness 4mm were fixed on these wooden boards with the aid of nails. These wooden forms were laid so that a infinite of 150mm, 10mm, and 4mm was obtained. After the organizes of needed dimensions were prepared, wax was applied to the interior sides of the molds for easy ferment of the complex without lodging to the mold walls. Then the matrix was prepared by blending the hardener to glue. The epoxy and the hardener ratio were maintained at 101. To acquire good cured and a standard quality specimen, the epoxy and hardener must be assorted swimmingly and easy for about 10 proceedingss. Initial bed of the mold was filled with the epoxy rosin and hardener mixture and so the appropriate measure of fibres was placed such that epoxy mixture wholly spread over the fibres. Again, epoxy mixture was poured on the fibre. Therefore, the starting and stoping of the beds were of epoxy rosin. A fictile releasing house was placed on the top of the uncured mixture. Before using compaction, attempts were made to take all bubbles with roller. Finally, the compaction force per unit area of 0.05 MPa was applied equally and cured for 24 hours at room temperature. In this manner, specimens incorporating different volume fractions o f fibre were prepared. These specimens were cured in the hot air oven at 600 C for 2 hours. Specimens incorporating different fibre volume fractions such as 20 % , 30 % , 40 % were prepared and 27 specimens were prepared. Natural Fiber Reinforced Composite ( NFRC ) is considered as the stuff for canvas and its material composing is given in control panel 4.1. The specimen ( Fig. 2 ) is prepared with the dimensions of 150mm length, 10mm breadth and 4mm thickness harmonizing to ASTM D 3039-76 29 is used for experimentation.3.3 MECHANICAL scrutiny OF FIBER-REINFORCED COMPOSITEThe most basic mechanical trial is the tenseness trial. For most structural stuffs, the tractile belongingss are indispensable elements of the stuff design allowable. The complexs specimens were tested as per ASTM criterions. The pliable testing was done as per ASTM D 3039M with the aid of INSTRON-6025 theoretical account Universal Testing Machine ( Fig. 3 ) at a crosshead velocity of 2mm per minute and cons equences were analyzed to cipher the ductile strength of composite samples.4. Plan AN ExperimentRecognition of job and job statement Determine the affect of Alkali Treatment clock, Fiber length & A % Fiber volume on the plastic strength of Natural Fiber ( short Asian Palmyra ) Reinforced Composite. Choice of factors, degrees, scopesAlkali Treatment Time ( A ) , Fiber length ( B ) , Fiber volume % ( C ) ( 3 Levels )Choice of the response variableTensile Strength of Natural Fiber Reinforced Composite ( T ) .Choice of experimental design3 flat factorial design.Performing the experimentTensile strength on Universal Testing Machine ( UTM ) .Statistical analysis of informationsA, B, C relation to TDecisions and recommendationsAccomplishment of experiment aims.4.1 DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED METHODOLOGYThe control factors considered for experiments are alkali intervention clip, fiber length and fibre volume per centum while tensile strength is considered as the end product response.The pro cess of response surface methodological analysis comprises the undermentioned stairss 30 Plan a series of experiments for equal and dependable measuring of the response of involvement.Develop an experiential or mathematical theoretical account of the 2nd order response surface with the best adjustments.Find the optimum set of experimental parametric quantities that produce a upper limit or minimal value of response.Represent the direct and the synergistic effects of procedure parametric quantities through two and three dimensional transcendental plans.4.1.1 Conducting the experimentsThe executable scopes of the procedure control variables considered are listed in Table 4.2. These determine correspond to the conditions at which there is maximal consequence on tensile strength as reported by other writers for different natural fibres.The belongingss of Asiatic Palmyra fibre reinforced complexs with different fibre lengths, clip continuances of Alkali intervention and fibre volume per centums under these conditions, the probes are presented in the undermentioned Tables 4.3, 4.4 and 4.5. Sample of tensile trial studies are shown in Fig. 4. The tensile strength of the specimen made of epoxy and hardener is 12.44MPa.4.2 DEVELOPMENT OF EMPIRICAL MODELSThe informations collected from typical experiments refering to end product responses, Tensile Strength from Tables 4.3, 4.4 and 4.5 are used to implement the proposed methodological analysis. The demand in developing the mathematical relationships is to familiar spirit the tensile strength to the procedure parametric quantities thereby easing the optimisation of the procedure parametric quantities. Design Expert, 8.0v 31 , statistical analysis package, is used to calculate the arrested development coefficients of the proposed theoretical accounts.The interaction effects of the procedure parametric quantities and tensile strength are important and hence the 2nd order theoretical accounts are postulated. The mult inomial is fitted and the relationships obtained for the end product responses are given below4.2.1 Adequacy trialThe developed empirical theoretical accounts are tested for their adequateness utilizing the undermentioned trials4.2.1.1 Analysis of Variance ANOVA ANOVA is carried out for the quadratic response surface theoretical accounts. The statistics of ANOVA for Tensile Strength is given in the Table 4.6. In instance of tensile strength, it can be observed from Table 4.6 that the value of Probability & gt F for the theoretical account is less than 0.05, which indicates that the theoretical account is important 28 .4.2.1.2 Multiple arrested development coefficientsTo look into whether the fitted theoretical accounts really describe the experimental information, the multiple arrested development coefficient R2 is computed. R2 statistic is defined as the ratio of unevenness explained by the theoretical account to the entire variableness in the existent experimental infor mations and is used as a step of goodness of fit 28 . If R2 attacks to integrity, the better the theoretical account fits the experimental information. In other words, it is the proportion of fluctuation in the dependant variable response that can be explained by the forecasters factor in the theoretical account. From Table 4.6, R2 for tensile strength is found to be 0.9276. This shows that the second-order theoretical account can explicate the fluctuation in tensile strength up to the extent of 92.76 % .The adjusted R2 efforts to give a more appropriate value to gauge R2. Adjusted R2 can be computed utilizing the expression 1- 1- R2 * N-1 / N-k-1 , where N is the figure of observations and K is the figure of forecasters 28 . When N is little and K is big and there will be a much greater difference between R2 and adjusted R2 because the ratio of N-1 / N-k-1 will be much less than 1. By contrast, when the figure of observations is really big compared to the figur e of forecasters, the value of R2 and adjusted R2 will be much closer because the ratio of N-1 / N-k-1 will near 1. From Table 4.6, adjusted R2 for tensile strength is found to be 0.8915. It can be observed that the values of R2 and adjusted R2 are much closer to each other.The developed mathematical theoretical accounts are farther checked for their adequateness utilizing normal come about secret plan of remainders. The diagnostic secret plans are drawn to look into whether the informations are usually distributed and for any premise is violated. Therefore, the normal observe secret plan of remainders for the responses, tensile strength is plotted.Normal materialise secret plans are used to measure whether informations come from the normal distribution. The statistical process makes the premise that an implicit in distribution is normal 28 . Thus normal chance secret plans can supply authorization that the premise is justified, or else supply a warning of jobs with the p remise. An analysis of normalcy typically combines normal chance secret plans with hypothesis trials for normalcy. In a normal chance secret plan, if all the information points nightfall near the line, an premise of normalcy is sensible. Otherwise, the points will swerve off from the line, and an premise of normalcy is non justified.The normal chance secret plans of the remainders for the end product responses, tensile strength is shown in Fig. 5 and it can be observed that the remainders are located on consecutive line, which means that the mistakes are distributed usually.The 3D surface graphs for tensile strength are shown in Figs. 6 8. All have curvilinear profile in conformity to the quadratic theoretical account fitted.Fig. 6 shows the interaction consequence of fibre length and alkali intervention clip on tensile strenth at different degrees of fibre volume per centum. It is clear from the figure that at highest values of fibre length and alkali intervention clip the tensil e strenth attains largest value of 27MPa. At high value of alkali intervention clip ( 6Hrs ) and low value of fiber length ( 3mm ) , tensile strength varies from 17-19 MPa. where as at low value of both fiber length and alkali intervention clip the tensile strength is lowest.Fig. 7 depicts the consequence of fibre volume per centum and alkali intervention clip on tensile strength at different degrees of fibre length. As indicated in the secret plan the tensile strength additions with addition in both fiber volume per centum and alkali intervention clip. The highest value of tensile strength of about 27MPa is recorded at high values of fibre volume per centum and alkali intervention clip.Fig. 8 describes the interaction consequence of fibre volume per centum and fiber length on tensile strength of short and indiscriminately oriented Palmyra fiber composite at different degrees of base intervention clip. As the fibre volume per centum additions from 20 40 % and fibre length increasin g from 7 3mm so tensile strength additions from 13 27 MPa. The combined consequence of fibre length and fibre volume per centum increases the tensile strength of composite. It can be said that the empirical theoretical accounts developed were moderately accurate, for Tensile strength.5 DecisionThe proposed work is on the survey and consequence of procedure parametric quantities on the tensile strength of short and indiscriminately oriented toddy palm fibre reinforced complexs. The experimental probe on mechanical deportment of palmyra fibre reinforced complexs leads to the undermentioned decisions Tensile strength ( TS ) , of the toddy palm fibre reinforced composite stuff is greatly influenced by alkali intervention clip, fiber length and fibre volume fraction. The quadratic theoretical account developed by RSM can be used to foretell the tensile strength of the toddy palm fibre reinforced composite stuff at 93 % authorization degree. But the cogency of the theoretical account is limited to the scope of parametric quantities considered for the probe. The truth of the developed theoretical account can be improved by including more figure of parametric quantities and degrees. Further, mathematical theoretical accounts can be developed by taking multiple responses, with different scopes of procedure variables and the composite design can be optimized based on the demand of the clients.

Drug Testing in a High School Setting: Pros and Cons

Taking steroids to enhance acrobatic performance has bring into creation widespread among athletes worldwide. This practice non simply vio late(a)s athletic regulations and the intent of fair competition but as well damages many of the bodys major organs. Drug test has therefore been implement in many collegiate and pro sports and some lavishly teach athletic platforms with the goal of maintaining competitive equity. Drug interrogation is the regularity that has been chosen to identify those athletes who use banned medicines to enhance their sports performance at the expense of the athletes who do not take medicines.Almost any athlete competing above the high civilize level, and increasingly at even high school level too, is subject to do doses interrogatory. There are almost as many drugs employ by athletes as there are sports. Some athletic performance enhancers are not drugs at all. Some performance-enhancing techniques use human hormones (or synthetic deriva tes thereof), and other use the athletes own blood. Some of these techniques are at once undetectable by urine and blood samples. Drug test alone will not be enough to stop the use of steroids and other drugs.While drug examination is the first line of defense at the collegiate and professional levels of sport, athletes, parents, and we coaches and trainers essential bear the greater responsibility for keeping the playing field level at the junior high and high school levels. The use or possession of alcohol and outlaw(prenominal) or bindled substances by pupils is reaching epidemic proportions. Along with traditional education and drug-resistance schedules in the schools and the community, proactive stripe and deterrence measures must be in place and usualized to all scholars.Drug interrogatory is part of a much wider picture. Curbing drug use and implementing drug exam policies are crucial concerns of parents, administrators and us coaches. The definitive pros of man datory drug examen within a high school sports setting are great deterrence to drug use.Promoting fairness in sports competitions.Helping drug users relinquish their drug dependency (punitive aspects direct to be minimized)2. A brief history of drug testing Drug testing of humans began in the late 1950s, when, after several European cycling and track races, evidence of drug use was observed.In 1965, procedures were unquestionable which were qualified of detecting a number of different stimulants these were used to test participants of the Tour of Britain Cycle Races. The fist mashly testing for nonsteroidal drugs occurred at the 1972 Munich Olympic Games though there still was no official testing for steroids. The development of complex radioimmunoassay (RIA) screening procedures as well as analytical advances in gas chromatography-mass spectrographic analysis (GC-MS) techniques led to the introduction of tests for anabolic steroids at the 1976 Montreal Olympic Games (Yesalis , Cowart 75).The test method of determining whether or not the testosterone in an athletes body came from illegal use by the athlete was developed by Donike et al. in 1983. In 1992 Barcelona Olympic Games, the IOC laboratory reported the detection of several banned drugs in the participating athletes. High colonization mass spectrographic analysis (HRMS) analysis was introduced in the 1996 Atlanta Sumer Olympic Games. In recent years, Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS) is being used in drug testing laboratories because it has several advantages over traditional GCMS technique.In the future, LCMS will rifle increasingly more important in the drug-testing laboratories because of its ability to confirm the presence of most drugs, including natural hormones (HGH, EPO, and so forth ). Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (IRMS) is a relatively new technique that is being proposed for verification of testosterone positives. third decades bedevil way passed since sports drug t esting became part of the Olympic Games. Drug testing is now part of professional sports, collegiate sports, and to a smaller extent, high school sports.The technology of drug testing has made fundamental advances at the same time, cheating methods have also evolved and grown more sophisticated.3. The cleverness of drug testing in high schools Surveillance for drug use employing a stochastic drug-testing model is currently receiving signifi dismisst attention and consideration by high school administrators and public officials. In fact, random drug testing has been implemented in a number of school districts for students engaged in extra-curricular activities and is being considered for use with world-wide student bodies.It is understandable that use of drug testing is being considered as a prevention neb with student-athletes since both NCAA and many professional sports employ this methodology. Further, many if not all NCAA Division 1 university athletic programs employ random drug testing at some level in response to concerns round drug use among collegiate athletes and because of potential NCAA sanctions for drug test failures. Hence, high school athletic programs are typically viewed as an aid to deter and to detect use. The efficacy of this tool in curbing drug use has yet to be thoroughly evaluated, however.Results to date have been rather equivocal with assessments both providing humble support for efficacy and indicating no effect. Funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, the SATURN (Student jocks seafarer Testing Using Random Notification ) project was designed to evaluate whether a nonpunitive, compulsory, random, suspicionless drug testing policy deterred drug and alcohol use among high school student athletes in two surgery schools. Participation was required for all students and was a mandatory prerequisite for athletic participation.Results showed that a policy of random drug testing surveillance si gnificantly reduced self-reports of recent performance-enhancing substances and, to a lesser extent, common drugs of abuse but did not produce long-term changes in substance use and associated high-risk behaviors use among adolescent athletes. Further, nevery tobacco or alcohol use was altered. This result suggests at least limited efficacy when targeting a specific drugs that may be associated with well-documented harm potential to student-athletes.The authors of the investigation caution against over-interpretation of results suggesting efficacy of testing as adequate intervention (OHSU).4. Privacy the fundamental issue At the heart of drug-testing controversy in schools, however, is not efficacy but privateness. Public schools are state actors thus, the constitutional protections apply with respect to students and employees of public schools systems. As public institutions, public schools must follow the dictates of the Fourth Amendment to the U. S. Constitution as well as any particular provisions form the state constitutions that apply to them.In essence, the Fourth Amendment protects people and their houses, papers and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures. Such protection is vital to the privacy protection of all citizens from unacceptable conduct on the part of the government or its officers or agents. If a search is conducted, and a drug test is considered a search, the search must be reasonable and the intrusion of the test on an individuals privacy must be weighed against the governments interest in conducting the test. Reasonableness will depend on the circumstances.However, in most cases, suspicion is not required in order to perform a test. Because the use of certain performance-enhancing drugs is illegal according to federal statutes, many institutions have attempt to implement drug testing policies in order to deter their students from development drugs and also to detect drug use. Such a measure is deemed necessary in order to either provide assistance to those who do no understand the dangers involved in drug use or to provide information to law enforcement official in order that they may become involved to unloose the institution of drug users.At the high school sport level, officials realize that drug use can be particularly dangerous to the more susceptible bodies of growing children. However, many times the athletes forced to necessitate to a drug-testing program do not do so willingly.They feel that the drug test infringes on their privacy rights as protected by the federal constitution and that they should not have to submit to the test. These individuals are typically not drug users instead they are participants who find that if they do not submit to the testing, they will not be able to continue participating in the sport or activity of their choice.Beginning in the 1980s, these individuals sued the institutions who developed the drug testing policies so that they could avoid being tested as a requirement of participation. Until 1995, institutions who attempted to implement drug-testing policies were often unsure as to whether their policies would be upheld in mash of law. However, 1995 the U. S. Supreme Court in the long run dealt with the issue. In the Vernonia School District 47J v. Acton case, the Supreme Court reviewed the constitutionality of a drug testing program applied to student-athletes at the high school level.In the mid 1980s, teachers and administrators in the Vernonia School District, Oregon, noticed a sharp increase in student drug us and an increase in disciplinary problems at the school. The school district also found that student-athletes were both users and leaders of the drug culture (Imber, Geel 159). The district implemented a drug testing policy that applied to all students participating in athletics, requiring each student to sign a form consenting to the random urinalysis testing policy before being allowed to participate in sports.During t he test, the student would enter a locker room with an adult monitor who would pill the sample produced for temperature and tampering. In 1991, Seventh grader James Acton refused to sign the consent form and was not allowed to play football. His family sued claiming that the drug testing policy violated the Fourth Amendment. After a long process of examining the case, the butterfly at last command that students who are in athletics and other highly visible extracurricular activities have a diminished expectation of privacy.Schools may carry out certain suspicionless searches, such as random drug tests of athletes, the court ruled, because such tests are mandatory only for those who choose to participate in those voluntary activities.While world(a) drug testing can been seen as unreasonable, specific drug testing has to be allowed especially, when it is limited to extracurricular athletics. The Vernonia School offered considerable discretion to school officials in their effort to control student behavior. match to the court ruling, individualized suspicion was not necessary before submitting students to random urinalysis drug testing.The court ruled that school officials exercised their duties as state actors, an authority that was custodial and tutelary, permitting a degree of supervision and control that could not be exercised over free adults. The Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalie, who wrote the opinion, also said that athletes have less of an expectation of privacy because they change clothes and shower together. The Court also said that since athletes can be role models, it is especially important to be sure that they do not use drugs.The cogitate in Vernonia has been extended to include all other extracurricular activities. Since 1995, numerous other court decisions have ruled in favor of school districts that conduct the random drug testing of student athletes, although the testing of other students is still conditioned on reasonable suspici on by school administrators.Many developments since 1995 evince the growing extensiveness of drug testing within the schools of the United States. For instance, in 1995 the Dayton County, Ohio, school district implemented a program to conduct random drug testing on student athletes.In September, 1999, the 6th U. S lot Court of Appeals affirmed the legality of Knox County, Tennessee, program designed to test teachers, principals, and other school employees. Harlan county, Kentucky, during the 1999-2000 school year, initiated a random drug-testing program for all teachers, principals, and administrators. From time to time, the various attempts of school authorities at implementing drug testing programs are seen as violating students privacy rights when they require students to submit to blood or urine tests.An Arkansas Court, for example, ruled that there were less obtrusive (and intrusive) ways to determine rule infraction. In another development, a tonic Jersey school policy was rebuffed. The school board required students to have annual exams that included a urinalysis. If a student tested positive for drugs, then district officials notified the students parents, hoping that the parents would then get treatment for the student. The court ruled this procedure as unreasonable.And although various school districts across the country are now testing employees and student athletes, a private high school in Memphis, Tennessee, has initiated random drug testing on its entire student body, a program endorsed and financially supported (to the tune of sixty dollars per test) by parents. Students refusing to submit to testing are to be expelled from school. Thus, drug testing on the entire student body may often raise several complicated issues. However, within the context of high school sports competitions, drug testing is very essential to ensure fairness.There are few cons to drug testing in high school sports, as long as such programs are executed in right spirit . The concern for fairness easily overrides the concern for privacy in a sports setting, as the landmark Vernonia case rightly concluded.5. Deterrence, not punishment Several other court cases in the subsequent years brought out the need for and the advantages of drug testing in high schools. In 1998, the Federal Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals upheld an atomic number 49 schools random drug-testing of high school athletes and cheerleaders.In this case, the Court found the schools policy was reasonable under the Fourth Amendment. The school did not require observed specimen collection, a positive test did not result in expulsion, and privacy concerns of students that were required to disclose any medication they were taking were adequately addressed by the school. Additionally, students were give the opportunity to challenge positive test results by taking a conforming test at no expense to the student. Deterrence, safety and the health of students performing in athletic events co nstituted the basis musical accompaniment the courts judgment.The Court reasoned that the school system has responsibilities as guardian and tutor of children entrusted in its care and that deterring drug use by students is a compelling interest. The Court also noted that the schools program was designed to deter drug use, not to punish users. As coaches working in school setting, we must always strive to remember to lay stress on deterrence and not on punishment, only then the pros of drug testing can be maximized and cons minimized.The aim of drug testing is not to trap and punish students who use drugs. It is, in fact, counterproductive simply to punish them without trying to alter their behavior. If drug-using students are hang or expelled without any attempt to change their ways, the community will be faced with drug-using dropouts, an even big problem in the long run. The purpose of testing, then, is to prevent drug dependence and to help drug-dependent students become drug free. (Office of National Drug Control Policy 22)